This is a working overview of Selank, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
Reviewed 2026-07-05. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Reported pharmacological effects center on reduced anxiety-like behavior in animal models and on measures of memory and learning. Proposed contributing mechanisms include modulation of GABAergic signaling, shifts in monoamine turnover, and changes in the activity of enzymes that degrade neuropeptides. Effects on the expression of genes linked to neuroplasticity have also been described. No single molecular target is widely accepted, and whether the behavioral findings arise from one pathway or several remains an open question.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. It was designed as a stabilized analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring tetrapeptide fragment derived from the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The additional Pro-Gly-Pro segment at the carboxyl terminus is intended to slow enzymatic cleavage. The compound is usually described in the literature as a synthetic peptide with anxiolytic and cognitive-related activity, a label that reflects a research context rather than an approved therapeutic category.
Peptide bonds are vulnerable to protease attack, and Selank is no exception. Measured half-life in serum is short, on the order of minutes in several reports, which explains why intranasal administration is the common route described in the literature. Absorption across the nasal mucosa partially bypasses first-pass hepatic metabolism. Quantitative data on human bioavailability remain limited and are difficult to compare across studies.
Lyophilised material kept dry at minus 20 degrees Celsius or colder is the most stable form, and suppliers commonly state a shelf life of two years or more under those conditions. Once dissolved, degradation accelerates through hydrolysis and deamidation, particularly at alkaline pH or elevated temperature. Working solutions are usually divided into single-use aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The choice of reconstitution solvent affects both stability and the ionic strength of the final preparation.
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection near 214 nanometres is the standard purity method. Mass spectrometry, typically electrospray ionisation, confirms identity through the expected mass-to-charge pattern. Amino acid analysis can verify composition independently. Chiral purity requires separate techniques such as derivatisation followed by chromatographic separation, and such data are rarely reported for research-grade material.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C33H57N11O9 | Derived from the seven-residue sequence |
| Molecular weight | About 751.9 g/mol | Average mass; the monoisotopic value is slightly lower |
| Residue count | Seven amino acids | Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro |
| Parent compound | Tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) | Selank extends tuftsin at the C-terminus |
| Compound class | Synthetic short peptide | Studied in a research setting; not a licensed drug in most markets |
Handling follows standard practice for research peptides. Material is weighed in a low-humidity environment because the powder absorbs atmospheric moisture. Purity is reported as the percentage area of the main peak in a chromatogram, with specifications commonly set at 95 percent or higher; values below that threshold indicate the presence of truncated or modified species. Residual trifluoroacetate from purification is often present and may affect mass balance. Certificates of analysis should state the analytical method, the column and gradient used, and the lot-specific retention time so that results can be compared across suppliers.
Identity and purity of selank are established with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The peptide elutes from C18 columns with acetonitrile gradients in water containing trifluoroacetic acid or formic acid, and detection is usually performed by ultraviolet absorbance near 214 nm. Electrospray ionization in positive mode gives a doubly protonated ion near m/z 377, consistent with a mass of about 752 Da. Amino acid analysis or tandem mass spectrometry of fragment ions confirms the sequence. Because the molecule has no aromatic residues, it lacks a usable 280 nm chromophore, so low-wavelength detection or mass spectrometry is required.
The compound has a calculated molecular weight near 751.9 daltons and carries a net positive charge at physiological pH because of its arginine residue. It dissolves freely in water and in common aqueous buffers, and typically appears as a white or off-white lyophilized powder. The amide backbone makes the molecule susceptible to peptidases, which limits oral use and favors intranasal or parenteral routes. Nomenclature in the literature varies: the substance is also described by the sequence abbreviation TP-7 and by a Russian trade designation.
Regulatory status differs sharply by region. Selank holds a Russian marketing authorization, where it is supplied mainly as nasal drops, while authorities elsewhere have not approved it for medical use. Material sold internationally is therefore usually labeled as a research chemical rather than a medicine. Peer-reviewed publications come predominantly from Russian laboratories, and sample sizes are generally small. Whether the compound produces comparable effects under independent, well-controlled replication remains an open question that the broader literature has not settled.
Published clinical work is concentrated in Russian-language journals and generally involves small samples without independent replication. Systematic reviews in English note the shortage of randomised, placebo-controlled trials and the difficulty of verifying methods from translated reports. Outcome measures vary between studies, which complicates pooling of results. Interest in the compound as a cognitive or anxiolytic agent therefore rests on a thinner evidence base than the volume of citations suggests. Replication in well-powered trials with preregistered endpoints would be needed before firm conclusions about efficacy can be drawn.
Proposed mechanisms centre on the GABAergic system. Animal and tissue studies report changes in GABA-A receptor expression and reduced activity of GABA transaminase, the enzyme that degrades GABA. Effects on monoamine turnover, including serotonin and dopamine pathways, are also described, and a separate line of work links the peptide to increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampal tissue. Most of these findings come from rodent models and cell preparations. How the individual observations combine into a single coherent mode of action is not settled.
== Governing board == The governing board of ECU Health sets the policies that govern the operation and direction of ECU Health, ECU Health Medical Center and its subsidiaries. Members of the governing board meet monthly and are responsible for the articulation of its mission and values, the protection of assets and the quality of services. They serve voluntarily and without pay. Members of the governing board are chosen for their management experience and their standing as community leaders. They are chosen by the UNC Board of Governors and Pitt County Commissioners for a term of 5 years, not to exceed two consecutive terms. ECU Health Board of Directors:
== Toxicity == The US Food and Nutrition Board has set a daily limit of 35 mg for vitamin B3, unless under medical supervision. At daily doses of nicotinic acid as low as 30 mg, flushing has been reported, always starting in the face and sometimes accompanied by skin dryness, itching, paresthesia, and headache. (These effects do not occur with nicotinamide). Liver toxicity is the most serious toxic reaction and it occurs at doses >2 grams/day, and is possible with either nicotinic acid or nicotinamide. Fulminant hepatic failure has been reported in cases of niacin overdose at several grams per day. Other reactions include glucose intolerance, hyperuricemia, macular edema, and macular cysts.
=== Podcasts === Conversations avec Marie, March 2019 Héroïnes de la rue, April 2019 Le dernier homme, April 2021 Écoutez les survivantes, June 2021 Ma fortune, March 2022 Au peuple des femmes, May 2022
Benzalkonium chloride – "quat" disinfectant that attacks membranes Bethoxazin – "new broad spectrum industrial microbicide" in 2012, noted as "Canceled in U.S." in 2022 PubChem-EPA query Cybutryne – banned since 2023 in ship paint Dichlone – quinone fungicide/algaecide, not persistent in soil Dichlorophen – also kills invertebrate animals and bacteria Diuron – herbicide/algaecide, inhibits photosynthesis Endothal – herbicide/algaecide, inhibits protein phosphatase 2A Fentin – quinone fungicide/algaecide, discontinued Isoproturon – selective substituted urea herbicide, discontinued Methabenzthiazuron – substituted urea herbicide, discontinued Nabam – fungicide/algicide discontinued in the EU over cancer Oxyfluorfen – herbicide, "very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects" Pentachlorophenyl laurate Quinoclamine – herbicide/algicide, not used in most of the EU Quinonamid Simazine – herbicide/algaecide, inhibits photosynthesis Terbutryn Tiodonium
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
A fascial compartment is a section within the body that contains muscles and nerves and is surrounded by fascia. In the human body, the limbs can each be divided into two segments. The upper limb can be divided into the arm and the forearm; their sectional compartments are the fascial compartments of the arm and the fascial compartments of the forearm, which both contain an anterior and a posterior compartment. The lower limbs can also be divided into two segments: the leg and the thigh; those contain the fascial compartments of the leg and the fascial compartments of the thigh respectively.
At the time, low-potency creatine supplements were available in Britain, but creatine supplements designed for strength enhancement were not commercially available until 1993 when the company Experimental and Applied Sciences (EAS) introduced the compound to the sports nutrition market under the name Phosphagen. In 1996, researchers found that carbohydrate consumption augments the effects of creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle creatine accumulation.
==== Depression and suicidality ==== Isotretinoin is the only non-psychiatric drug on the FDA's top 10 list of drugs associated with depression and is also within the top 10 for suicide attempts. A black box warning for suicide, depression, and psychosis has been present on isotretinoin's packaging in the United States since 2005. In March 2018, European Medicines Agency issued a warning on a possible risk of neuropsychiatric disorders (such as depression, anxiety, and mood changes) following the use of oral retinoids, including isotretinoin, though the limitations of the available data did not allow them to establish whether this risk was due to the use of retinoids. A Swedish retrospective cohort study with 5756 patients showed a significantly increased risk of attempted suicides from 6 months after the treatment to around 2 years after the treatment. In 2012, a systematic review covering all articles in the literature related to isotretinoin, depression, and suicide, as well as articles related to class effect, dose-response, and biological plausibility found that the literature reviewed was consistent with an association of isotretinoin administration and depression and with suicide in a subgroup of vulnerable individuals. Following this systematic review, in a 2014 review a group of Australian dermatologists and psychiatrists collaborated on a set of recommendations for safe prescribing of isotretinoin. However, whether isotretinoin use is causally associated with mental illness remains controversial.
Males expel urine from the bladder through the urethra, which passes through the prostate where it is joined by the ejaculatory ducts, and then onward through the penis. At the root of the penis (the proximal end of the corpus spongiosum) lies the external sphincter muscle, which relaxes during urination. This is a small sphincter of striated muscle tissue and is in healthy males, under voluntary control. Physiologically, urination involves coordination between the central, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. In infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury, urination may occur as an involuntary reflex. Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex. During erection, these centers block the relaxation of the sphincter muscles, so as to act as a physiological separation of the excretory and reproductive function of the penis, and preventing urine from entering the upper portion of the urethra during ejaculation.
In particular, mimic miRNAs are used to introduce miRNAs that act as tumor suppressors into cancerous tissues, while miRNA antagonists are used to target oncogenic miRNAs to prevent their cancer-promoting activity. Therapeutic miRNA is also used in addition to common therapies (such as cancer therapies) that are known to overexpress or destabilize the patient miRNA levels. An example of one mimic miRNA therapy that demonstrated efficacy in impeding lung cancer tumor growth in mouse studies is miR-34a. One concerning aspect of miRNA-based therapies is the potential for the exogeneous miRNA to affect miRNA silencing mechanisms within normal body cells, thereby affecting normal cellular biochemical pathways. However, in vivo studies have indicated that miRNAs display little to no effect in non-target tissues/organs.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The live album Radical Action to Unseat the Hold of Monkey Mind, was released in September 2016, drawing from 2015 concert dates of Japan, Canada and France featuring Rieflin. A 4-disc set aimed at documenting the band's ever-evolving live setlist, it included one performance of every song the band presented onstage during the tour and concert footage mostly recorded in Takamatsu, Japan, on 19 December 2015. On 7 December 2016, founding King Crimson member Greg Lake died of cancer. Another former King Crimson member, John Wetton, died of colon cancer on 31 January 2017. On 3 January 2017, Rieflin returned to King Crimson. Since the band also wished to retain Stacey, King Crimson became an octet, which Fripp initially referred to as the "Double Quartet Formation". Rieflin later eschewed drumming with the group and became King Crimson's first full-time keyboardist, with Fripp rechristening the line-up the "Three Over Five" (or "Five Over Three") formation. On 2 June 2017, King Crimson released a new live EP named Heroes, featuring a cover of the David Bowie song of the same name. The EP was intended as a tribute to Bowie, for whom Fripp had provided distinctive guitar work on the albums "Heroes" (1977) and Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) (1980). The video for King Crimson's version of "Heroes" won "Video of the Year" at the 2017 Progressive Music Awards. Shortly afterwards, King Crimson embarked on the first leg of a North American tour, from 11 June until 19 July.
=== Post-independence (1946–1962) === The first elections after independence were the 1947 parliamentary election, with the People's Party winning a plurality in the Chamber of Deputies, but no absolute majority. In 1949, a series of military coups led to the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies and constitutional suspensions. A Constituent Assembly elected in 1949 drafted the 1950 constitution, which strengthened parliamentary powers. Adib al-Shishakli's 1951 coup dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, and his 1953 election, with only 16% voter turnout, reconstituted the Chamber of Deputies as a 82-member legislative body under a presidential system. After his ouster in 1954, parliamentary rule was restored, with the People's Party and Ba'ath Party gaining influence. In 1958, the Chamber of Deputies was replaced by the UAR's National Assembly, where Syrians held one-third of the seats. Following Syria's withdrawal, the 1961 election restored parliamentary democracy.
Both ROS-elevating and ROS-eliminating strategies have been developed with the former being predominantly used. Cancer cells with elevated ROS levels depend heavily on the antioxidant defense system. ROS-elevating drugs further increase cellular ROS stress level, either by direct ROS-generation (e.g. motexafin gadolinium, elesclomol) or by agents that abrogate the inherent antioxidant system such as SOD inhibitor (e.g. ATN-224, 2-methoxyestradiol) and GSH inhibitor (e.g. PEITC, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)). The result is an overall increase in endogenous ROS, which when above a cellular tolerability threshold, may induce cell death. On the other hand, normal cells appear to have, under lower basal stress and reserve, a higher capacity to cope with additional ROS-generating insults than cancer cells do. Therefore, the elevation of ROS in all cells can be used to achieve the selective killing of cancer cells. James Watson and others have proposed that lack of intracellular ROS due to a lack of physical exercise may contribute to the malignant progression of cancer, because spikes of ROS are needed to correctly fold proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and low ROS levels may thus aspecifically hamper the formation of tumor suppressor proteins. Since physical exercise induces temporary spikes of ROS, this may explain why physical exercise is beneficial for cancer patient prognosis.
Simple compounds which are converted into other compounds, usually as part of a multiple step reaction pathway. Two examples of this type of reaction occur during the formation of nucleic acids and the charging of tRNA prior to translation. For some of these steps, chemical energy is required:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, designed as a metabolically stabilized analogue of the endogenous tetrapeptide tuftsin. It has been studied mainly against anxiety-related and cognitive endpoints rather than as an approved medicine in most jurisdictions.
Tuftsin contains four residues, while selank carries an additional Pro-Gly-Pro segment at the carboxyl end. That extension is intended to reduce enzymatic cleavage. Comparative pharmacokinetic data in humans remain limited.
No single receptor target is widely accepted as the definitive mediator of the reported effects. Proposed contributors include GABAergic modulation, shifts in monoamine turnover, and altered neuropeptide degradation. The mechanism is treated in the literature as unresolved.
Dry powder is best kept sealed, protected from light, and held at minus 20 degrees Celsius or below. Desiccant packaging helps limit moisture uptake because the material is hygroscopic. A sealed vial should be allowed to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to reduce condensation.