The short version of elevated plus maze fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-07-25 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Identity and purity of selank are established with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The peptide elutes from C18 columns with acetonitrile gradients in water containing trifluoroacetic acid or formic acid, and detection is usually performed by ultraviolet absorbance near 214 nm. Electrospray ionization in positive mode gives a doubly protonated ion near m/z 377, consistent with a mass of about 752 Da. Amino acid analysis or tandem mass spectrometry of fragment ions confirms the sequence. Because the molecule has no aromatic residues, it lacks a usable 280 nm chromophore, so low-wavelength detection or mass spectrometry is required.
Peptide bonds in selank are susceptible to hydrolysis under strongly acidic or basic conditions, and the terminal proline residues are vulnerable to exopeptidase activity in biological samples. Lyophilized powder stored dry at -20 °C typically remains stable for extended periods, whereas aqueous solutions degrade faster and may lose measurable purity within days to weeks depending on pH, temperature, and microbial load. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles promote aggregation and adsorption to container surfaces. For analytical work, solutions are usually prepared fresh, kept cold, and used within a single working day.
Peptide bonds are vulnerable to protease attack, and Selank is no exception. Measured half-life in serum is short, on the order of minutes in several reports, which explains why intranasal administration is the common route described in the literature. Absorption across the nasal mucosa partially bypasses first-pass hepatic metabolism. Quantitative data on human bioavailability remain limited and are difficult to compare across studies.
Lyophilised material kept dry at minus 20 degrees Celsius or colder is the most stable form, and suppliers commonly state a shelf life of two years or more under those conditions. Once dissolved, degradation accelerates through hydrolysis and deamidation, particularly at alkaline pH or elevated temperature. Working solutions are usually divided into single-use aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The choice of reconstitution solvent affects both stability and the ionic strength of the final preparation.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Identity confirmation | Reversed-phase HPLC retention time versus reference standard | Retention depends on column, gradient, and ion-pairing agent |
| Mass confirmation | Electrospray or MALDI mass spectrometry | Doubly protonated ion near m/z 377 is consistent with about 752 Da |
| Typical purity specification | 95 percent or higher by chromatographic peak area | Lower values suggest truncated or modified peptide species |
| Storage of lyophilized powder | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Powder tolerates long storage better than solution |
| Storage of solution | 2-8 °C for short periods | Freeze-thaw cycling promotes aggregation and surface adsorption |
Reported pharmacological effects center on reduced anxiety-like behavior in animal models and on measures of memory and learning. Proposed contributing mechanisms include modulation of GABAergic signaling, shifts in monoamine turnover, and changes in the activity of enzymes that degrade neuropeptides. Effects on the expression of genes linked to neuroplasticity have also been described. No single molecular target is widely accepted, and whether the behavioral findings arise from one pathway or several remains an open question.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. It was designed as a stabilized analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring tetrapeptide fragment derived from the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The additional Pro-Gly-Pro segment at the carboxyl terminus is intended to slow enzymatic cleavage. The compound is usually described in the literature as a synthetic peptide with anxiolytic and cognitive-related activity, a label that reflects a research context rather than an approved therapeutic category.
Most published work on selank originates from a small number of research groups in the Russian Federation. A large share of that record appears in Russian-language journals, which limits access for readers who rely on English-indexed databases. Independent replication by laboratories outside the original research network is sparse in publicly available sources. This concentration of origin and language is a frequently noted feature when the compound is summarized in broader reviews of synthetic peptides.
Laboratory work relies on standard behavioral paradigms. Rodents are tested in the elevated plus maze, open field, and passive avoidance tasks, with outcomes compared against diazepam or vehicle controls. Intranasal dosing is used most often because it bypasses first-pass metabolism, though intraperitoneal and intravenous routes also appear in published protocols. Biochemical endpoints include tissue BDNF concentrations, cytokine levels, and monoamine metabolites. Human data are limited to small Russian trials reporting reduced anxiety scores; most were not prospectively registered, and few employed independent outcome assessment.
Measuring peptide exposure inside the brain is technically difficult. Selank is degraded rapidly in plasma, and assays must separate intact peptide from fragments, which favors targeted mass spectrometry over immunoassays alone. Reported half-lives are short, on the order of minutes, so effects observed hours later are attributed to downstream signaling rather than to the parent compound. Blood-brain barrier permeability is debated and rarely quantified directly. Gaps include absent dose-response characterization, inconsistent reporting of purity, and almost no pharmacokinetic data from human participants.
== See also == Arctic policy of the United States Arctic resources race – Competition over resources in the Arctic Cod Wars – Series of disputes between Iceland and the UK Gunboat diplomacy – Pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of naval power NATO strategy in the Arctic
== Goals == The goals of the BRSD are the separation of church and state, the democratization of the church, the political neutrality of the church, non-denominational schools, an end of the chaplaincy and for the church to work for peace and international understanding.
== Political connotations == Opposition to seed oils has been associated with the political right. Maya Vinokour, an assistant professor at NYU, writing for Jacobin, described the belief as "lifestyle fascism" and "right-wing masculinist discourse". Robert F. Kennedy Jr., United States Secretary of Health and Human Services since 2025, has expressed opposition to seed oils. In the 2024 U.S. presidential election, Kennedy ran as an independent candidate and campaigned on health-related misinformation. In his speech suspending his campaign and endorsing that of Donald Trump, he blamed several health conditions on processed foods' inclusion of seed oils. Later that day, Kennedy appeared alongside Trump to declare that the latter would "Make America Healthy Again," endorsing Trump's health and food policies. US vice president JD Vance has also stated that he does not cook with seed oils. In response to the growing political opposition from the Trump administration's MAHA movement, agricultural trade groups and industry lobbyists have begun campaigning to defend the safety of seed oils to lawmakers and food corporations.
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped) pentameric protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentration rises in response to inflammation. It is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 secretion by macrophages and T cells. Its physiological role is to bind to lysophosphatidylcholine expressed on the surface of dead or dying cells (and some types of bacteria) in order to activate the complement system via C1q. CRP is synthesized by the liver in response to factors released by macrophages, T cells and fat cells (adipocytes). It is a member of the pentraxin family of proteins. It is not related to C-peptide (insulin) or protein C (blood coagulation). C-reactive protein was the first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) to be identified.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t_{1/2}={\frac {N_{\text{A}}\times \ln 2}{a\times M}}&\approx {\frac {6.022\times 10^{23}{\text{ mol}}^{-1}\times 0.693}{3200{\text{ s}}^{-1}{\cdot }{\text{g}}^{-1}\times 87{\text{ g/mol}}}}\\[1ex]&\approx 1.5\times 10^{18}{\text{ s}}\approx 47{\text{ billion years}}.\end{aligned}}}
Glibenclamide/metformin, also known as glyburide/metformin and sold under the brand name Glucovance, is a fixed-dose combination anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It contains glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea, and metformin, a biguanide.
This is not something that just happened — it has been unfolding ever since Putin took power, and with growing intensity in the past five years." On 14 August 2008, The Economist wrote that the war in South Ossetia "may have been triggered by the Georgians, but it was largely engineered by the Russians, who have, over the years, fanned the flames of the conflict." Russian response was not "sudden response to provocation, but a long-planned move." The Economist also noted, "Soon after Mr Putin's arrival in the Kremlin in 2000, Russia started to hand out passports to Abkhaz and South Ossetians, while also claiming the role of a neutral peacekeeper in the region. When the fighting broke out between Georgia and South Ossetia, Russia, which had killed tens of thousands of its own citizens in Chechnya, argued that it had to defend its nationals." In August 2008, Steven Blank, a professor of strategic studies at the United States Army War College, said, "This is a war that Russia wanted, and clearly had planned for." He added, "The evidence I've seen indicates that the Russian Army was sitting there waiting for this, that this was essentially a provocation launched by the South Ossetians." On 16 August 2008, journalist Thom Shanker wrote that military experts did not assess Russian coordination of ground, air and naval operations, cyberattacks on Georgian websites and its best English speakers conducting public-relations campaign as coincidental.
== Habitat == E. floccosum has a worldwide distribution but is more commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas. Historical fungal infections have been reported in US military in Vietnam and British Army in Southeast Asia. E. floccosum was considered the fourth most common cause of dermatophytosis in North America. Accounting for around 20 percent of US cases and 44 percent of Asian cases, it is also the third most common cause of tinea pedis worldwide, following Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum.
In 1897 he put forward the idea to create the International Atomic Weights Commission. Fischer was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1899. He was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize in chemistry "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses." He was elected an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1904, an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1908, and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1909. Many names of chemical reactions and concepts are named after him:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Minimal follow-up was three years. Metacarpophalangeal joint (MP) contractures were corrected at an average of 99% and proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) contractures at an average of 89% immediately post procedure. At final follow-up, 72% of the correction was maintained for MP joints and 31% for PIP joints. The difference between the final corrections for MP versus PIP joints was statistically significant. When comparing people aged below and above 55 years of age there was a statistically significant difference at both MP and PIP joints, with greater correction maintained in the older group. Gender differences were not statistically significant. Needle aponeurotomy provided successful correction to 5° or less contracture immediately post procedure in 98% (791) of MP joints and 67% (350) of PIP joints. There was recurrence of 20° or less over the original post-procedure corrected level in 80% (646) of MP joints and 35% (183) of PIP joints. Complications were rare except for skin tears, which occurred in 3.4% (34) of digits. This study showed that NA is a safe procedure that can be performed in an outpatient setting. The complication rate was low, but recurrences were frequent in younger people and for PIP contractures.
==== Antipseudomonal antibiotics ==== The Gram-negative species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is naturally resistant to many antibiotic classes. There were many efforts in the 1960s and 1970s to develop antibiotics that are active against Pseudomonas species. There are two chemical classes within the group: carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins. All are given by injection: none can be given by mouth.
In cosmetic applications, botulinum toxin is considered relatively safe and effective for reduction of facial wrinkles, especially in the uppermost third of the face. Commercial forms are marketed under the brand names Botox Cosmetic/Vistabel from Allergan, Dysport/Azzalure from Galderma and Ipsen, Xeomin/Bocouture from Merz, Jeuveau/Nuceiva from Evolus, manufactured by Daewoong in South Korea. The effects of botulinum toxin injections for glabellar lines ("11's lines" between the eyes) typically last two to four months and in some cases, product-dependent, with some patients experiencing a longer duration of effect of up to six months or longer. Injection of botulinum toxin into the muscles under facial wrinkles causes relaxation of those muscles, resulting in the smoothing of the overlying skin. Smoothing of wrinkles is usually visible three to five days after injection, with maximum effect typically a week following injection. Muscles can be treated repeatedly to maintain the smoothed appearance. DaxibotulinumtoxinA (Daxxify) was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2022. It is indicated for the temporary improvement in the appearance of moderate to severe glabellar lines. DaxibotulinumtoxinA is an acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent. The FDA approved daxibotulinumtoxinA based on evidence from two clinical trials (Studies GL-1 and GL-2), of 609 adults with moderate to severe glabellar lines. The trials were conducted at 30 sites in the United States and Canada.
2025: Tristan Tan Yi Rui, who was originally condemned to death for trafficking not less than 337.6 grams of methamphetamine, later had his sentence commuted to life imprisonment after President Tharman Shanmugaratnam granted his clemency plea. This marked the first successful clemency plea in 27 years.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Identity is confirmed by matching the retention time in reversed-phase chromatography against a reference standard and by measuring the molecular mass with mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectrometry or amino acid analysis can verify the sequence of the seven residues. Because the peptide contains no aromatic amino acids, detection at 280 nm is not useful.
Lyophilized powder is normally stored desiccated at -20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Powder kept under these conditions is generally stable for long periods. Solutions are less stable and are usually prepared immediately before use.
A purity value from one chromatographic method does not capture every possible impurity. Related peptides with similar retention behavior, counterions, and residual solvents may not appear in the same analysis. Independent testing with an orthogonal method provides stronger assurance of identity and content.
Dry powder is best kept sealed, protected from light, and held at minus 20 degrees Celsius or below. Desiccant packaging helps limit moisture uptake because the material is hygroscopic. A sealed vial should be allowed to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to reduce condensation.